Cats - by
junricknemen1970, February 25, 2020
8.8/ 10stars
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https://moviebemka.com/id-7602.htm
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- Publisher trem cat
- Biography João Pedro❤
3,4 of 10 stars. Brief A tribe of cats called the Jellicles must decide yearly which one will ascend to the Heaviside Layer and come back to a new Jellicle life. 
. T.S. Eliot. country UK. Scores 20741 vote. Cats for adoption near me. Feel bad for the lizard, just trying to relax xD. Cats funny videos. The second cat kinda sounds like Mickey Mouse xD.
The domestic cat [1] [5] ( Latin: Felis catus) is a small, typically furry, carnivorous mammal. They are often called house cats when kept as indoor pets or simply cats when there is no need to distinguish them from other felids and felines. [6] Cats are often valued by humans for companionship and for their ability to hunt vermin. There are more than 70 cat breeds, though different associations proclaim different numbers according to their standards. Cats are similar in anatomy to the other felids, with a strong flexible body, quick reflexes, sharp retractable claws, and teeth adapted to killing small prey. Cat senses fit a crepuscular and predatory ecological niche. Cats can hear sounds too faint or too high in frequency for human ears, such as those made by mice and other small animals. They can see in near darkness. Like most other mammals, cats have poorer color vision and a better sense of smell than humans. Cats, despite being solitary hunters, are a social species and cat communication includes the use of a variety of vocalizations ( mewing, purring, trilling, hissing, growling, and grunting), as well as cat pheromones and types of cat-specific body language. [7] Cats have a high breeding rate. [8] Under controlled breeding, they can be bred and shown as registered pedigree pets, a hobby known as cat fancy. Failure to control the breeding of pet cats by neutering, as well as the abandonment of former household pets, has resulted in large numbers of feral cats worldwide, requiring population control. [9] In certain areas outside cats' native range, this has contributed, along with habitat destruction and other factors, to the extinction of many bird species. Cats have been known to extirpate a bird species within specific regions and may have contributed to the extinction of isolated island populations. [10] Cats are thought to be primarily responsible for the extinction of 33 species of birds, and the presence of feral and free-ranging cats makes some otherwise suitable locations unsuitable for attempted species reintroduction. [11] Since cats were venerated in ancient Egypt, they were commonly believed to have been domesticated there, [12] but there may have been instances of domestication as early as the Neolithic from around 9, 500 years ago (7, 500 BC). [13] A genetic study in 2007 concluded that domestic cats are descended from Near Eastern wildcats, having diverged around 8, 000 BC in the Middle East. [12] [14] A 2016 study found that leopard cats were undergoing domestication independently in China around 5, 500 BC, though this line of partially domesticated cats leaves no trace in the domesticated populations of today. [15] [16] As of a 2007 study, cats are the second most popular pet in the US by number of pets owned, behind freshwater fish. [17] In a 2010 study they were ranked the third most popular pet in the UK, after fish and dogs, with around 8 million being owned. [18] Taxonomy and evolution Main article: Cat evolution The African wildcat, Felis silvestris lybica, is an extant subspecies that is ancestral to the domestic cat. The domestic cat is believed to have evolved from the Near Eastern wildcat, whose range covers vast portions of the Middle East westward to the Atlantic coast of Africa. [19] [20] Between 70, 000 and 100, 000 years ago the animal gave rise to the genetic lineage that eventually produced all domesticated cats, [21] having diverged from the Near Eastern wildcat around 8, 000 BC in the Middle East. [12] [14] The felids are a rapidly evolving family of mammals that share a common ancestor only 10–15 million years ago [22] and include lions, tigers, cougars and many others. Within this family, domestic cats ( Felis catus) are part of the genus Felis, which is a group of small cats containing about seven species (depending upon classification scheme). [1] [23] Members of the genus are found worldwide and include the jungle cat ( Felis chaus) of southeast Asia, European wildcat ( F. silvestris silvestris), African wildcat ( F. s. lybica), the Chinese mountain cat ( F. bieti), and the Arabian sand cat ( F. margarita), among others. [24] The domestic cat was first classified as Felis catus by Carl Linnaeus in the 10th edition of his Systema Naturae published in 1758. [1] [2] Because of modern phylogenetics, domestic cats are usually regarded as another subspecies of the wildcat, F. silvestris. [1] [3] [25] This has resulted in mixed usage of the terms, as the domestic cat can be called by its subspecies name, Felis silvestris catus. [1] [3] [25] Wildcats have also been referred to as various subspecies of F. catus, [25] but in 2003, the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature fixed the name for wildcats as F. [26] The most common name in use for the domestic cat remains F. catus, following a convention for domesticated animals of using the earliest (the senior) synonym proposed. [26] Sometimes, the domestic cat has been called Felis domesticus [27] or Felis domestica, [1] as proposed by German naturalist J. C. P. Erxleben in 1777, but these are not valid taxonomic names and have been used only rarely in scientific literature, [28] because Linnaeus's binomial takes precedence. [29] A population of Transcaucasian black feral cats was once classified as Felis daemon ( Satunin 1904) but now this population is considered to be a part of domestic cat. [30] All the cats in this genus share a common ancestor that is believed to have lived around 6–7 million years ago in the Near East (the Middle East). [31] The exact relationships within the Felidae are close but still uncertain, [32] [33] e. g. the Chinese mountain cat is sometimes classified (under the name Felis silvestris bieti) as a subspecies of the wildcat, like the North African variety F. lybica. [3] [32] Ancient Egyptian sculpture of the cat goddess Bastet. The earliest evidence of felines as Egyptian deities comes from a c. 3100 BC. In comparison to dogs, cats have not undergone major changes during the domestication process, as the form and behavior of the domestic cat is not radically different from those of wildcats and domestic cats are perfectly capable of surviving in the wild. [34] [35] Fully domesticated house cats often interbreed with feral F. catus populations, [36] producing hybrids such as the Kellas cat. This limited evolution during domestication means that hybridisation can occur with many other felids, notably the Asian leopard cat. [37] Several natural behaviors and characteristics of wildcats may have predisposed them for domestication as pets. [35] These traits include their small size, social nature, obvious body language, love of play and relatively high intelligence. [38]:12–17 Several small felid species may have an inborn tendency towards tameness. [35] Cats have either a mutualistic or commensal relationship with humans. Two main theories are given about how cats were domesticated. In one, people deliberately tamed cats in a process of artificial selection as they were useful predators of vermin. [39] This has been criticized as implausible, because the reward for such an effort may have been too little; cats generally do not carry out commands and although they do eat rodents, other species such as ferrets or terriers may be better at controlling these pests. [3] The alternative idea is that cats were simply tolerated by people and gradually diverged from their wild relatives through natural selection, as they adapted to hunting the vermin found around humans in towns and villages. [3] Nomenclature and etymology The English word ' cat ' ( Old English catt) is in origin a loanword, introduced to many languages of Europe from Latin cattus [40] and Byzantine Greek κάττα, including Portuguese and Spanish gato, French chat, German Katze, Lithuanian katė, and Old Church Slavonic kotka, among others. [41] The ultimate source of the word is Afroasiatic, presumably from Late Egyptian čaute, [42] the feminine of čaus "wildcat". An alternative word with cognates in many languages is English ' puss ' ('pussycat'). Attested only from the 16th century, it may have been introduced from Dutch poes or from Low German puuskatte, related to Swedish kattepus, or Norwegian pus, pusekatt. Similar forms exist in Lithuanian puiė and Irish puiscín. The etymology of this word is unknown, but it may have simply arisen from a sound used to attract a cat. [43] [44] A group of cats is referred to as a "clowder" or a "glaring", [45] a male cat is called a "tom" or "tomcat" [46] (or a "gib", [47] if neutered), an unaltered female is called a "queen", [48] and a juvenile cat is referred to as a " kitten ". The male progenitor of a cat, especially a pedigreed cat, is its "sire", [49] and its female progenitor is its "dam". [50] In Early Modern English, the word 'kitten' was interchangeable with the now-obsolete word 'catling'. [51] A pedigreed cat is one whose ancestry is recorded by a cat fancier organization. A purebred cat is one whose ancestry contains only individuals of the same breed. Many pedigreed and especially purebred cats are exhibited as show cats. Cats of unrecorded, mixed ancestry are referred to as domestic short-haired or domestic long-haired cats, by coat type, or commonly as random-bred, moggies (chiefly British), or (using terms borrowed from dog breeding) mongrels or mutt-cats. While the African wildcat is the ancestral subspecies from which domestic cats are descended, and wildcats and domestic cats can completely interbreed (being subspecies of the same species), several intermediate stages occur between domestic pet and pedigree cats on one hand and entirely wild animals on the other. The semiferal cat, a mostly outdoor cat, is not owned by any one individual, but is generally friendly to people and may be fed by several households. Feral cats are associated with human habitation areas and may be fed by people or forage for food, but are typically wary of human interaction. [36] Biology Anatomy Main article: Cat anatomy Diagram of the general anatomy of a male Domestic cats are similar in size to the other members of the genus Felis, typically weighing between 4 and 5 kg (9 and 10 lb). [32] Some breeds, such as the Maine Coon, can occasionally exceed 11 kg (24 lb). Conversely, very small cats, less than 2 kg (4 lb), have been reported. [52] The world record for the largest cat is 21 kg (50 lb). [53] The smallest adult cat ever officially recorded weighed around 1 kg (2 lb). [53] Feral cats tend to be lighter as they have more limited access to food than house cats. In the Boston area, the average feral adult male will weigh 4 kg (9 lb) and average feral female 3 kg (7 lb). [54] Cats average about 23–25 cm (9–10 in) in height and 46 cm (18 in) in head/body length (males being larger than females), with tails averaging 30 cm (12 in) in length. [55] Cats have seven cervical vertebrae, as do almost all mammals; 13 thoracic vertebrae (humans have 12); seven lumbar vertebrae (humans have five); three sacral vertebrae like most mammals (humans have five); and a variable number of caudal vertebrae in the tail (humans retain three to five caudal vertebrae, fused into an internal coccyx). [56]:11 The extra lumbar and thoracic vertebrae account for the cat's spinal mobility and flexibility. Attached to the spine are 13 ribs, the shoulder, and the pelvis. [56]:16 Unlike human arms, cat forelimbs are attached to the shoulder by free-floating clavicle bones which allow them to pass their body through any space into which they can fit their head. [57] The cat skull is unusual among mammals in having very large eye sockets and a powerful and specialized jaw. [58]:35 Within the jaw, cats have teeth adapted for killing prey and tearing meat. When it overpowers its prey, a cat delivers a lethal neck bite with its two long canine teeth, inserting them between two of the prey's vertebrae and severing its spinal cord, causing irreversible paralysis and death. [59] Compared to other felines, domestic cats have narrowly spaced canine teeth, which is an adaptation to their preferred prey of small rodents, which have small vertebrae. [59] The premolar and first molar together compose the carnassial pair on each side of the mouth, which efficiently shears meat into small pieces, like a pair of scissors. These are vital in feeding, since cats' small molars cannot chew food effectively, and cats are largely incapable of mastication. [58]:37 Though cats tend to have better teeth than most humans, with decay generally less likely because of a thicker protective layer of enamel, a less damaging saliva, less retention of food particles between teeth, and a diet mostly devoid of sugar, they are nonetheless subject to occasional tooth loss and infection. [60] Cats, like dogs, are digitigrades. They walk directly on their toes, with the bones of their feet making up the lower part of the visible leg. [61] Cats are capable of walking very precisely because, like all felines, they directly register; that is, they place each hind paw (almost) directly in the print of the corresponding fore paw, minimizing noise and visible tracks. This also provides sure footing for their hind paws when they navigate rough terrain. Unlike most mammals, when cats walk, they use a "pacing" gait; that is, they move the two legs on one side of the body before the legs on the other side. This trait is shared with camels and giraffes. As a walk speeds up into a trot, a cat's gait changes to be a "diagonal" gait, similar to that of most other mammals (and many other land animals, such as lizards): the diagonally opposite hind and fore legs move simultaneously. [62] Like almost all members of the Felidae, cats have protractable and retractable claws. [63] In their normal, relaxed position, the claws are sheathed with the skin and fur around the paw 's toe pads. This keeps the claws sharp by preventing wear from contact with the ground and allows the silent stalking of prey. The claws on the fore feet are typically sharper than those on the hind feet. [64] Cats can voluntarily extend their claws on one or more paws. They may extend their claws in hunting or self-defense, climbing, kneading, or for extra traction on soft surfaces. Most cats have five claws on their front paws, and four on their rear paws. [65] The fifth front claw (the dewclaw) is proximal to the other claws. More proximally is a protrusion which appears to be a sixth "finger". This special feature of the front paws, on the inside of the wrists, is the carpal pad, also found on the paws of big cats and dogs. It has no function in normal walking, but is thought to be an antiskidding device used while jumping. Some breeds of cats are prone to polydactyly (extra toes and claws). [65] These are particularly common along the northeast coast of North America. [66] Physiology Cats are familiar and easily kept animals, and their physiology has been particularly well studied; it generally resembles those of other carnivorous mammals, but displays several unusual features probably attributable to cats' descent from desert-dwelling species. [27] For instance, cats are able to tolerate quite high temperatures: Humans generally start to feel uncomfortable when their skin temperature passes about 38 °C (100 °F), but cats show no discomfort until their skin reaches around 52 °C (126 °F), [58]:46 and can tolerate temperatures of up to 56 °C (133 °F) if they have access to water. [67] Normal physiological values [68]:330 Body temperature 38. 6 °C (101. 5 °F) Heart rate 120–140 beats per minute Breathing rate 16–40 breaths per minute Thermograph of various body parts of a cat Cats conserve heat by reducing the flow of blood to their skin and lose heat by evaporation through their mouths. Cats have minimal ability to sweat, with glands located primarily in their paw pads, [69] and pant for heat relief only at very high temperatures [70] (but may also pant when stressed). A cat's body temperature does not vary throughout the day; this is part of cats' general lack of circadian rhythms and may reflect their tendency to be active both during the day and at night. [71]:1 Cats' feces are comparatively dry and their urine is highly concentrated, both of which are adaptations to allow cats to retain as much water as possible. [27] Their kidneys are so efficient, they can survive on a diet consisting only of meat, with no additional water, [72] and can even rehydrate by drinking seawater. [71]:29 [73] While domestic cats are able to swim, they are generally reluctant to enter water as it quickly leads to exhaustion. [74] Cats are obligate carnivores: their physiology has evolved to efficiently process meat, and they have difficulty digesting plant matter. [27] In contrast to omnivores such as rats, which only require about 4% protein in their diet, about 20% of a cat's diet must be protein. [27] Cats are unusually dependent on a constant supply of the amino acid arginine, and a diet lacking arginine causes marked weight loss and can be rapidly fatal. [75] Another unusual feature is that the cat cannot produce taurine, with taurine deficiency causing macular degeneration, wherein the cat's retina slowly degenerates, causing irreversible blindness. [27] A cat's gastrointestinal tract is adapted to meat eating, being much shorter than that of omnivores and having low levels of several of the digestive enzymes needed to digest carbohydrates. [76] These traits severely limit the cat's ability to digest and use plant-derived nutrients, as well as certain fatty acids. [76] Despite the cat's meat-oriented physiology, several vegetarian or vegan cat foods have been marketed that are supplemented with chemically synthesized taurine and other nutrients, in attempts to produce a complete diet. However, some of these products still fail to provide all the nutrients cats require, [77] and diets containing no animal products pose the risk of causing severe nutritional deficiencies. [78] However, vets in the United States have expressed concern that many domestic cats are overfed. [79] Cats do eat grass occasionally. A proposed explanation is that cats use grass as a source of folic acid. Another proposed explanation is that it is used to supply dietary fiber, helping the cat defecate more easily and expel parasites and other harmful material through feces and vomit. [80] Senses Cats have excellent night vision and can see at only one-sixth the light level required for human vision. [58]:43 This is partly the result of cat eyes having a tapetum lucidum, which reflects any light that passes through the retina back into the eye, thereby increasing the eye's sensitivity to dim light. [81] Another adaptation to dim light is the large pupils of cats' eyes. Unlike some big cats, such as tigers, domestic cats have slit pupils. [82] These slit pupils can focus bright light without chromatic aberration, and are needed since the domestic cat's pupils are much larger, relative to their eyes, than the pupils of the big cats. [82] At low light levels a cat's pupils will expand to cover most of the exposed surface of its eyes. [83] However, domestic cats have rather poor color vision and (like most nonprimate mammals) have only two types of cones, optimized for sensitivity to blue and yellowish green; they have limited ability to distinguish between red and green. [84] A 1993 paper reported a response to middle wavelengths from a system other than the rods which might be due to a third type of cone. However, this appears to be an adaptation to low light levels rather than representing true trichromatic vision. [85] Cats have excellent hearing and can detect an extremely broad range of frequencies. They can hear higher-pitched sounds than either dogs or humans, detecting frequencies from 55 Hz to 79, 000 Hz, a range of 10. 5 octaves, while humans and dogs both have ranges of about 9 octaves. [86] [87] Cats can hear ultrasound, which is important in hunting [88] because many species of rodents make ultrasonic calls. [89] However, they do not communicate using ultrasound like rodents do. Cats' hearing is also sensitive and among the best of any mammal, [86] being most acute in the range of 500 Hz to 32 kHz. [90] This sensitivity is further enhanced by the cat's large movable outer ears (their pinnae), which both amplify sounds and help detect the direction of a noise. [88] Cats have an acute sense of smell, due in part to their well-developed olfactory bulb and a large surface of olfactory mucosa, about 5. 8 cm 2 (0. 90 in 2) in area, which is about twice that of humans. [91] Cats are sensitive to pheromones such as 3-mercapto-3-methylbutan-1-ol, [92] which they use to communicate through urine spraying and marking with scent glands. [93] Many cats also respond strongly to plants that contain nepetalactone, especially catnip, as they can detect that substance at less than one part per billion. [94] About 70–80% of cats are affected by nepetalactone. [95] This response is also produced by other plants, such as silver vine ( Actinidia polygama) and the herb valerian; it may be caused by the smell of these plants mimicking a pheromone and stimulating cats' social or sexual behaviors. [96] Cats have relatively few taste buds compared to humans (470 or so versus more than 9, 000 on the human tongue). [97] Domestic and wild cats share a gene mutation that keeps their sweet taste buds from binding to sugary molecules, leaving them with no ability to taste sweetness. [98] Their taste buds instead respond to amino acids, bitter tastes, and acids. [99] Cats and many other animals have a Jacobson's organ located in their mouths that allows them to taste-smell certain aromas in a way of which humans have no experience. Cats also have a distinct temperature preference for their food, preferring food with a temperature around 100 °F (38 °C) which is similar to that of a fresh kill and routinely rejecting food presented cold or refrigerated (which would signal to the cat that the "prey" item is long dead and therefore possibly toxic or decomposing). [97] Cats' whiskers are highly sensitive to touch. To aid with navigation and sensation, cats have dozens of movable whiskers (vibrissae) over their body, especially their faces. These provide information on the width of gaps and on the location of objects in the dark, both by touching objects directly and by sensing air currents; they also trigger protective blink reflexes to protect the eyes from damage. [58]:47 Most breeds of cat have a noted fondness for settling in high places, or perching. In the wild, a higher place may serve as a concealed site from which to hunt; domestic cats may strike prey by pouncing from a perch such as a tree branch, as does a leopard. [100] Another possible explanation is that height gives the cat a better observation point, allowing it to survey its territory. During a fall from a high place, a cat can reflexively twist its body and right itself using its acute sense of balance and flexibility. [101] This is known as the cat righting reflex. An individual cat always rights itself in the same way, provided it has the time to do so, during a fall. The height required for this to occur is around 90 cm (3. 0 ft). Cats without a tail (e. Manx cats) also have this ability, since a cat mostly moves its hind legs and relies on conservation of angular momentum to set up for landing, and the tail is little used for this feat. [102] Health The average lifespan of pet cats has risen in recent years. In the early 1980s, it was about seven years, [103]:33 [104] rising to 9. 4 years in 1995 [103]:33 and 12–15 years in 2014. [105] However, cats have been reported as surviving into their 30s, [106] with the oldest known cat, Creme Puff, dying at a verified age of 38. [107] Spaying or neutering increases life expectancy: one study found neutered male cats live twice as long as intact males, while spayed female cats live 62% longer than intact females. [103]:35 Having a cat neutered confers health benefits, because castrated males cannot develop testicular cancer, spayed females cannot develop uterine or ovarian cancer, and both have a reduced risk of mammary cancer. [108] Despite widespread concern about the welfare of free-roaming cats, the lifespans of neutered feral cats in managed colonies compare favorably with those of pet cats. [109]:45 [110]:1358 Neutered cats in managed colonies can also live long lives. [111] [112] [113] [114] Diseases Cats can suffer from a wide range of health problems, including infectious diseases, parasites, injuries, and chronic disease. Vaccinations are available for many of these diseases, and domestic cats are regularly given treatments to eliminate parasites such as worms and fleas. [115] Poisoning In addition to obvious dangers such as rodenticides, insecticides, and herbicides, cats may be poisoned by many chemicals usually considered safe by their human guardians, [116] because their livers are less effective at some forms of detoxification than those of many other animals, including humans and dogs. [27] [117] Some of the most common causes of poisoning in cats are antifreeze and rodent baits. [118] Cats may be particularly sensitive to environmental pollutants. [116] [119] When a cat has a sudden or prolonged serious illness without any obvious cause, it has possibly been exposed to a toxin. Many human medicines should never be given to cats. For example, the painkiller paracetamol (or acetaminophen, sold as Tylenol and Panadol) is extremely toxic to cats: even very small doses need immediate treatment and can be fatal. [120] [121] Even aspirin, which is sometimes used to treat arthritis in cats, is much more toxic to them than to humans [121] and must be administered cautiously. [116] Similarly, application of minoxidil (Rogaine) to the skin of cats, either accidentally or by well-meaning guardians attempting to counter loss of fur, has sometimes been fatal. [122] Essential oils can be toxic to cats and cases have been reported of serious illnesses caused by tea tree oil, including flea treatments and shampoos containing it. [123] Other common household substances that should be used with caution around cats include mothballs and other naphthalene products. [116] Phenol -based products (e. Pine-Sol, Dettol /Lysol or hexachlorophene) [116] are often used for cleaning and disinfecting near cats' feeding areas or litter boxes, but these can sometimes be fatal. [124] Ethylene glycol, often used as an automotive antifreeze, is particularly appealing to cats, and as little as a teaspoonful can be fatal. [125] Some human foods are toxic to cats; for example chocolate can cause theobromine poisoning, although (unlike dogs) few cats will eat chocolate. [126] Large amounts of onions or garlic are also poisonous to cats. [116] Many houseplants are also dangerous, [127] such as Philodendron species and the leaves of the Easter lily ( Lilium longiflorum), which can cause permanent and life-threatening kidney damage. [128] Genetics Main article: Cat genetics The domesticated cat and its closest wild ancestor are both diploid organisms that possess 38 chromosomes [129] and roughly 20, 000 genes. [130] About 250 heritable genetic disorders have been identified in cats, many similar to human inborn errors. [131] The high level of similarity among the metabolism of mammals allows many of these feline diseases to be diagnosed using genetic tests that were originally developed for use in humans, as well as the use of cats as animal models in the study of the human diseases. [132] [133] Behavior Outdoor cats are active both day and night, although they tend to be slightly more active at night. [134] [135] The timing of cats' activity is quite flexible and varied, which means house cats may be more active in the morning and evening, as a response to greater human activity at these times. [136] Although they spend the majority of their time in the vicinity of their home, housecats can range many hundreds of meters from this central point, and are known to establish territories that vary considerably in size, in one study ranging from 7 to 28 hectares (17–69 acres). [135] Cats conserve energy by sleeping more than most animals, especially as they grow older. The daily duration of sleep varies, usually between 12 and 16 hours, with 13 and 14 being the average. Some cats can sleep as much as 20 hours. The term " cat nap " for a short rest refers to the cat's tendency to fall asleep (lightly) for a brief period. While asleep, cats experience short periods of rapid eye movement sleep often accompanied by muscle twitches, which suggests they are dreaming. [137] Sociability Although wildcats are solitary, the social behavior of domestic cats is much more variable and ranges from widely dispersed individuals to feral cat colonies that form around a food source, based on groups of co-operating females. [138] [139] Within such groups, one cat is usually dominant over the others. [28] Each cat in a colony holds a distinct territory, with sexually active males having the largest territories, which are about 10 times larger than those of female cats and may overlap with several females' territories. [93] These territories are marked by urine spraying, by rubbing objects at head height with secretions from facial glands, and by defecation. [93] Between these territories are neutral areas where cats watch and greet one another without territorial conflicts. Outside these neutral areas, territory holders usually chase away stranger cats, at first by staring, hissing, and growling, and if that does not work, by short but noisy and violent attacks. Despite some cats cohabiting in colonies, they do not have a social survival strategy, or a pack mentality, and always hunt alone. [140] However, some pet cats are poorly socialized. In particular, older cats may show aggressiveness towards newly arrived kittens, which may include biting and scratching; this type of behavior is known as feline asocial aggression. [141] Though cats and dogs are believed to be natural enemies, they can live together if correctly socialized. [142] Life in proximity to humans and other domestic animals has led to a symbiotic social adaptation in cats, and cats may express great affection toward humans or other animals. Ethologically, the human keeper of a cat may function as a sort of surrogate for the cat's mother, [143] and adult housecats live their lives in a kind of extended kittenhood, [144] a form of behavioral neoteny. The high-pitched sounds housecats make to solicit food may mimic the cries of a hungry human infant, making them particularly hard for humans to ignore. [145] Communication Domestic cats use many vocalizations for communication, including purring, trilling, hissing, growling / snarling, grunting, and several different forms of meowing. [7] (By contrast, feral cats are generally silent. ) [146]:208 Their types of body language, including position of ears and tail, relaxation of the whole body, and kneading of the paws, are all indicators of mood. The tail and ears are particularly important social signal mechanisms in cats; [147] [148] for example, a raised tail acts as a friendly greeting, and flattened ears indicates hostility. Tail-raising also indicates the cat's position in the group's social hierarchy, with dominant individuals raising their tails less often than subordinate animals. [148] Nose-to-nose touching is also a common greeting and may be followed by social grooming, which is solicited by one of the cats raising and tilting its head. [139] Purring may have developed as an evolutionary advantage as a signalling mechanism of reassurance between mother cats and nursing kittens. Post-nursing cats often purr as a sign of contentment: when being petted, becoming relaxed, [149] [150] or eating. The mechanism by which cats purr is elusive. The cat has no unique anatomical feature that is clearly responsible for the sound. [151] It was, until recent times, believed that only the cats of the Felis genus could purr. However, felids of the Panthera genus ( tiger, lion, jaguar, and leopard) also produce sounds similar to purring, but only when exhaling. [152] Grooming The hooked papillae on a cat's tongue act like a hairbrush to help clean and detangle fur. A tabby housecat uses its brush-like tongue to groom itself, licking its fur to straighten it. Cats are known for spending considerable amounts of time licking their coat to keep it clean. [153] The cat's tongue has backwards-facing spines about 500 μm long, which are called papillae. These contain keratin which makes them rigid [154] so the papillae act like a hairbrush. Some cats, particularly longhaired cats, occasionally regurgitate hairballs of fur that have collected in their stomachs from grooming. These clumps of fur are usually sausage-shaped and about 2–3 cm (0. 8–1. 2 in) long. Hairballs can be prevented with remedies that ease elimination of the hair through the gut, as well as regular grooming of the coat with a comb or stiff brush. [153] Fighting Among domestic cats, males are more likely to fight than females. [155] Among feral cats, the most common reason for cat fighting is competition between two males to mate with a female. In such cases, most fights are won by the heavier male. [156] Another common reason for fighting in domestic cats is the difficulty of establishing territories within a small home. [155] Female cats also fight over territory or to defend their kittens. Neutering will decrease or eliminate this behavior in many cases, suggesting that the behavior is linked to sex hormones. [157] When cats become aggressive, they try to make themselves appear larger and more threatening by raising their fur, arching their backs, turning sideways and hissing or spitting. [147] Often, the ears are pointed down and back to avoid damage to the inner ear and potentially listen for any changes behind them while focused forward. They may also vocalize loudly and bare their teeth in an effort to further intimidate their opponent. Fights usually consist of grappling and delivering powerful slaps to the face and body with the forepaws as well as bites. Cats also throw themselves to the ground in a defensive posture to rake their opponent's belly with their powerful hind legs. [158] Serious damage is rare, as the fights are usually short in duration, with the loser running away with little more than a few scratches to the face and ears. However, fights for mating rights are typically more severe and injuries may include deep puncture wounds and lacerations. Normally, serious injuries from fighting are limited to infections of scratches and bites, though these can occasionally kill cats if untreated. In addition, bites are probably the main route of transmission of feline immunodeficiency virus. [159] Sexually active males are usually involved in many fights during their lives, and often have decidedly battered faces with obvious scars and cuts to their ears and nose. [160] Hunting and feeding A cat that is playing with a caught mouse. Cats play with their prey to weaken or exhaust them before making a kill. Cats hunt small prey, primarily birds and rodents, [161] and are often used as a form of pest control. [162] [163] Domestic cats are a major predator of wildlife in the United States, killing an estimated 1. 4–3. 7 billion birds and 6. 9–20. 7 billion mammals annually. [164] [165] The bulk of predation in the United States is done by 80 million feral and stray cats. Effective measures to reduce this population are elusive, meeting opposition from cat enthusiasts. [164] [165] In the case of free-ranging pets, equipping cats with bells and not letting them out at night will reduce wildlife predation. [161] Free-fed feral cats and house cats tend to consume many small meals in a single day, although the frequency and size of meals varies between individuals. [140] Cats use two hunting strategies, either stalking prey actively, or waiting in ambush until an animal comes close enough to be captured. [166] Although it is not certain, the strategy used may depend on the prey species in the area, with cats waiting in ambush outside burrows, but tending to actively stalk birds. [167]:153 Perhaps the best known element of cats' hunting behavior, which is commonly misunderstood and often appalls cat owners because it looks like torture, is that cats often appear to "play" with prey by releasing it after capture. This behavior is due to an instinctive imperative to ensure that the prey is weak enough to be killed without endangering the cat. [168] This behavior is referred to in the idiom "cat-and-mouse game" or simply " cat and mouse ". Another poorly understood element of cat hunting behavior is the presentation of prey to human guardians. Ethologist Paul Leyhausen proposed that cats adopt humans into their social group and share excess kill with others in the group according to the dominance hierarchy, in which humans are reacted to as if they are at, or near, the top. [169] Anthropologist and zoologist Desmond Morris, in his 1986 book Catwatching, suggests, when cats bring home mice or birds, they are attempting to teach their human to hunt, or trying to help their human as if feeding "an elderly cat, or an inept kitten". [170] [171] Morris's hypothesis is inconsistent with the fact that male cats also bring home prey, despite males having negligible involvement with raising kittens. [167]:153 Domestic cats select food based on its temperature, smell and texture; they dislike chilled foods and respond most strongly to moist foods rich in amino acids, which are similar to meat. [78] [140] Cats may reject novel flavors (a response termed neophobia) and learn quickly to avoid foods that have tasted unpleasant in the past. [140] They may also avoid sugary foods and milk. Most adult cats are lactose intolerant; the sugars in milk are not easily digested and may cause soft stools or diarrhea. [140] [172] They can also develop odd eating habits. Some cats like to eat or chew on other things, most commonly wool, but also plastic, cables, paper, string, aluminum foil, or even coal. This condition, pica, can threaten their health, depending on the amount and toxicity of the items eaten. [173] [174] Though cats usually prey on animals less than half their size, a feral cat in Australia has been photographed killing an adult pademelon of around the cat's weight at 4 kg (8. 8 lb). [175] Since cats lack lips [176] to create suction, they use a lapping method with the tongue to draw liquid upwards into their mouths. Lapping at a rate of four times a second, the cat touches the smooth tip of its tongue to the surface of the water, and quickly retracts it, drawing water upwards. [177] Play Play fight between kittens, age 14 weeks Domestic cats, especially young kittens, are known for their love of play. This behavior mimics hunting and is important in helping kittens learn to stalk, capture, and kill prey. [178] Cats also engage in play fighting, with each other and with humans. This behavior may be a way for cats to practice the skills needed for real combat, and might also reduce any fear they associate with launching attacks on other animals. [179] Owing to the close similarity between play and hunting, cats prefer to play with objects that resemble prey, such as small furry toys that move rapidly, but rapidly lose interest (they become habituated) in a toy they have played with before. [180] Cats also tend to play with toys more when they are hungry. [181] String is often used as a toy, but if it is eaten, it can become caught at the base of the cat's tongue and then move into the intestines, a medical emergency which can cause serious illness, even death. [182] Owing to the risks posed by cats eating string, it is sometimes replaced with a laser pointer 's dot, which cats may chase. [183] There are several important issues related to using a laser with a cat. Lasers can cause blindness in cats. Even lasers that are sold as "eye safe" [184] can actually be much higher powered than claimed, and can cause damage to cats' eyes. [185] In addition, the cat thinks of the laser dot as prey, but gets frustrated when unable to catch it. [186] Reproduction When cats mate, the tomcat (male) bites the scruff of the female's neck as she assumes a position conducive to mating known as lordosis behavior. Radiography of a pregnant cat (about one month and a half Female cats are seasonally polyestrous, which means they may have many periods of heat over the course of a year, the season beginning in spring and ending in late autumn. Heat periods occur about every two weeks and last about 4 to 7 days. [187] Multiple males will be attracted to a female in heat. The males will fight over her, and the victor wins the right to mate. At first, the female rejects the male, but eventually the female allows the male to mate. The female utters a loud yowl as the male pulls out of her because a male cat's penis has a band of about 120–150 backwards-pointing penile spines, which are about 1 mm long; upon withdrawal of the penis, the spines rake the walls of the female's vagina, which is a trigger for ovulation. This act also occurs to clear the vagina of other sperm in the context of a second (or more) mating, thus giving the later males a larger chance of conception. [188] After mating, the female washes her vulva thoroughly. If a male attempts to mate with her at this point, the female will attack him. After about 20 to 30 minutes, once the female is finished grooming, the cycle will repeat. [187] Because ovulation is not always triggered by a single mating, females may not be impregnated by the first male with which they mate. [189] Furthermore, cats are superfecund; that is, a female may mate with more than one male when she is in heat, with the result that different kittens in a litter may have different fathers. [187] At 124 hours after conception, the morula forms. At 148 hours, early blastocysts form. At 10–12 days, implantation occurs. [190] [191] The gestation period for cats is between 64 and 67 days, with an average of 66 days. [192] The size of a litter usually is three to five kittens, with the first litter usually smaller than subsequent litters. Kittens are weaned between six and seven weeks old, and cats normally reach sexual maturity at 5–10 months (females) and to 5–7 months (males), although this can vary depending on breed. [187] Females can have two to three litters per year, so may produce up to 150 kittens in their breeding span of around ten years. [187] Cats are ready to go to new homes at about 12 weeks of age, [193] when they are ready to leave their mother. They can be surgically sterilized (spayed or castrated) as early as 7 weeks to limit unwanted reproduction. [194] This surgery also prevents undesirable sex-related behavior, such as aggression, territory marking (spraying urine) in males and yowling (calling) in females. Traditionally, this surgery was performed at around six to nine months of age, but it is increasingly being performed prior to puberty, at about three to six months. [195] In the US, about 80% of household cats are neutered. [196] Ecology Habitats Cats are a cosmopolitan species and are found across much of the world. [34] Geneticist Stephen James O'Brien, of the National Cancer Institute in Frederick, Maryland, remarked on how successful cats have been in evolutionary terms: "Cats are one of evolution's most charismatic creatures. They can live on the highest mountains and in the hottest deserts. " [197] They are extremely adaptable and are now present on all continents except Antarctica, and on 118 of the 131 main groups of islands—even on isolated islands such as the Kerguelen Islands. [198] [199] Feral cats can live in forests, grasslands, tundra, coastal areas, agricultural land, scrublands, urban areas, and wetlands. [200] Their habitats even include small oceanic islands with no human inhabitants. [201] Further, the close relatives of domestic cats, the African wildcat ( Felis silvestris lybica) and the Arabian sand cat ( Felis margarita) both inhabit desert environments, [3] and domestic cats still show similar adaptations and behaviors. [27] The cat's ability to thrive in almost any terrestrial habitat has led to its designation as one of the world's worst invasive species. [202] As domestic cats are little altered from wildcats, they can readily interbreed. This hybridization poses a danger to the genetic distinctiveness of some wildcat populations, particularly in Scotland and Hungary and possibly also the Iberian Peninsula. [37] Feral cats Feral cats are domestic cats that were born in or have reverted to a wild state. They are unfamiliar with and wary of humans and roam freely in urban and rural areas. [9] The numbers of feral cats is not known, but estimates of the US feral population range from 25 to 60 million. [9] Feral cats may live alone, but most are found in large colonies, which occupy a specific territory and are usually associated with a source of food. [203] Famous feral cat colonies are found in Rome around the Colosseum and Forum Romanum, with cats at some of these sites being fed and given medical attention by volunteers. [204] Public attitudes towards feral cats vary widely, ranging from seeing them as free-ranging pets, to regarding them as vermin. [205] One common approach to reducing the feral cat population is termed 'trap-neuter-return', where the cats are trapped, neutered, immunized against rabies and the feline leukemia virus, and then released. Before releasing them back into their feral colonies, the attending veterinarian often nips the tip off one ear to mark it as neutered and inoculated, since these cats may be trapped again. Volunteers continue to feed and give care to these cats throughout their lives. Given this support, their lifespans are increased, and behavior and nuisance problems caused by competition for food are reduced. [203] Impact on prey species Carrying half of a rabbit To date, little scientific data is available to assess the impact of cat predation on prey populations. Even well-fed domestic cats may hunt and kill, mainly catching small mammals, but also birds, amphibians, reptiles, fish, and invertebrates. [161] [206] Hunting by domestic cats may be contributing to the decline in the numbers of birds in urban areas, although the importance of this effect remains controversial. [207] In the wild, the introduction of feral cats during human settlement can threaten native species with extinction. [201] In many cases, controlling or eliminating the populations of non-native cats can produce a rapid recovery in native animals. [208] However, the ecological role of introduced cats can be more complicated. For example, cats can control the numbers of rats, which also prey on birds' eggs and young, so a cat population can protect an endangered bird species by suppressing mesopredators. [209] In isolated landmasses, such as Australasia, there are often no other native, medium-sized quadrupedal predators (including other feline species); this tends to exacerbate the impact of feral cats on small native animals. [210] Native species such as the New Zealand kakapo and the Australian bettong, for example, tend to be more ecologically vulnerable and behaviorally "naive", when faced with predation by cats. [211] Feral cats have had a major impact on these native species and have played a leading role in the endangerment and extinction of many animals. [212] Even in places with ancient and numerous cat populations, such as Western Europe, cats appear to be growing in number and independently of their environments' carrying capacity (such as the numbers of prey available). [213] [214] This may be explained, at least in part, by an abundance of food, from sources including feeding by pet owners and scavenging. For instance, research in Britain suggests that a high proportion of cats hunt only "recreationally". [214] And in South Sweden, where research in 1982 found that the population density of cats was as high as 2, 000 per square kilometre (5, 200/sq mi). [213] Impact on birds The domestic cat is a significant predator of birds. UK assessments indicate they may be accountable for an estimated 64. 8 million bird deaths each year. [161] A 2012 study suggests feral cats may kill several billion birds each year in the United States. [215] Certain species appear more susceptible than others; for example, 30% of house sparrow mortality is linked to the domestic cat. [216] In the recovery of ringed robins ( Erithacus rubecula) and dunnocks ( Prunella modularis), 31% of deaths were a result of cat predation. [217] In parts of North America, the presence of larger carnivores such as coyotes which prey on cats and other small predators reduces the effect of predation by cats and other small predators such as opossums and raccoons on bird numbers and variety. [218] The proposal that cat populations will increase when the numbers of these top predators decline is called the mesopredator release hypothesis. On islands, birds can contribute as much as 60% of a cat's diet. [219] In nearly all cases, however, the cat cannot be identified as the sole cause for reducing the numbers of island birds, and in some instances, eradication of cats has caused a 'mesopredator release' effect; [220] where the suppression of top carnivores creates an abundance of smaller predators that cause a severe decline in their shared prey. Domestic cats are, however, known to be a contributing factor to the decline of many species, a factor that has ultimately led, in some cases, to extinction. The South Island piopio, Chatham rail, [217] the New Zealand merganser, [221] and the common diving petrel [222] are a few from a long list, with the most extreme case being the flightless Lyall's wren, which was driven to extinction only a few years after its discovery. [223] [224] Some of the same factors that have promoted adaptive radiation of island avifauna over evolutionary time appear to promote vulnerability to non-native species in modern time. The susceptibility of many island birds is undoubtedly due to evolution in the absence of mainland predators, competitors, diseases, and parasites, in addition to lower reproductive rates and extended incubation periods. [225] The loss of flight, or reduced flying ability is also characteristic of many island endemics. [226] These biological aspects have increased vulnerability to extinction in the presence of introduced species, such as the domestic cat. [227] Equally, behavioral traits exhibited by island species, such as "predatory naivety" [228] and ground-nesting, [225] have also contributed to their susceptibility. Interaction with humans Cats are common pets throughout the world, and their worldwide population exceeds 500 million. [12] Although cat guardianship has commonly been associated with women, [229] a 2007 Gallup poll reported that men and women in the United States of America were equally likely to own a cat. [230] As well as being kept as pets, cats are also used in the international fur [231] and leather industries for making coats, hats, blankets and stuffed toys; [232] and shoes, gloves and musical instruments respectively [233] (about 24 cats are needed to make a cat fur coat). [234] This use has now been outlawed in the United States, Australia, and the European Union. [235] Cat pelts have been used for superstitious purposes as part of the practise of witchcraft, [236] and are still made into blankets in Switzerland as folk remedies believed to help rheumatism. [237] In the Western intellectual tradition, the idea of cats as everyday objects have served to illustrate problems of quantum mechanics in the Schrödinger's cat thought experiment. A few attempts to build a cat census have been made over the years, both through associations or national and international organizations (such as the Canadian Federation of Humane Societies 's one [238]) and over the net, [239] [240] but such a task does not seem simple to achieve. General estimates for the global population of domestic cats range widely from anywhere between 200 million to 600 million. [241] [242] [243] [244] [245] [246] Infections transmitted from cats to humans Cats can be infected or infested with viruses, bacteria, fungus, protozoans, arthropods or worms that can transmit diseases to humans. In some cases, the cat exhibits no symptoms of the disease, [247] however, the same disease can then become evident in a human. The likelihood that a person will become diseased depends on the age and immune status of the person. Humans who have cats living in their home or in close association are more likely to become infected, however, those who do not keep cats as pets might also acquire infections from cat feces and parasites exiting the cat's body. [248] [249] Some of the infections of most concern include salmonella, cat scratch disease and toxoplasmosis. [247] History and mythology A 19th century drawing of a tabby cat Traditionally, historians tended to think ancient Egypt was the site of cat domestication, owing to the clear depictions of house cats in Egyptian paintings about 3, 600 years old. [3] However, in 2004, a Neolithic grave excavated in Shillourokambos, Cyprus, contained the skeletons, laid close to one another, of both a human and a cat. The grave is estimated to be 9, 500 years old, pushing back the earliest known feline–human association significantly. [14] [250] [251] The cat specimen is large and closely resembles the African wildcat, rather than present-day domestic cats. This discovery, combined with genetic studies, suggests cats were probably domesticated in the Middle East, in the Fertile Crescent around the time of the development of agriculture, and then were brought to Cyprus and Egypt. [252] Direct evidence for the domestication of cats 5, 300 years ago in Quanhucun, China has been published by archaeologists and paleontologists from the University of Washington and Chinese Academy of Sciences. The cats are believed to have been attracted to the village by rodents, which in turn were attracted by grain cultivated and stored by humans. [253] In ancient Egypt, cats were sacred animals, with the goddess Bastet often depicted in cat form, sometimes taking on the war-like aspect of a lioness. [254]:220 The Romans are often credited with introducing the domestic cat from Egypt to Europe; [254]:223 in Roman Aquitaine, a first- or second-century engraving of a young girl holding a cat is one of two earliest depictions of the Roman domesticated cat. [255] However, cats possibly were already kept in Europe prior to the Roman Empire, as they may have been present in Britain in the late Iron Age. [39] Domestic cats were spread throughout much of the rest of the world during the Age of Discovery, as they were carried on sailing ships to control shipboard rodents and as good-luck charms (see Ship's cat). [254]:223 Several ancient religions believed cats are exalted souls, companions or guides for humans, that are all-knowing but mute so they cannot influence decisions made by humans. In Japan, the maneki neko cat is a symbol of good fortune. [256] Although no species are sacred in Islam, cats are revered by Muslims. Some Western writers have stated Muhammad had a favorite cat, Muezza. [257] He is reported to have loved cats so much, "he would do without his cloak rather than disturb one that was sleeping on it". [258] The story has no origin in early Muslim writers, and seems to confuse a story of a later Sufi saint, Ahmed ar-Rifa'i, centuries after Muhammad. [259] Freyja, the goddess of love, beauty, and fertility in Norse mythology, is depicted as riding a chariot drawn by cats. [260] Superstitions and cat burning Many cultures have negative superstitions about cats. An example would be the belief that a black cat "crossing one's path" leads to bad luck, or that cats are witches' familiars used to augment a witch's powers and skills. The killing of cats in Medieval Ypres, Belgium, is commemorated in the innocuous present-day Kattenstoet (cat parade). [261] In medieval France, cats would be burnt alive as a form of entertainment. According to Norman Davies, the assembled people "shrieked with laughter as the animals, howling with pain, were singed, roasted, and finally carbonized ". [262] "It was the custom to burn a basket, barrel, or sack full of live cats, which was hung from a tall mast in the midst of the bonfire; sometimes a fox was burned. The people collected the embers and ashes of the fire and took them home, believing that they brought good luck. The French kings often witnessed these spectacles and even lit the bonfire with their own hands. In 1648 Louis XIV, crowned with a wreath of roses and carrying a bunch of roses in his hand, kindled the fire, danced at it and partook of the banquet afterwards in the town hall. But this was the last occasion when a monarch presided at the midsummer bonfire in Paris. At Metz midsummer fires were lighted with great pomp on the esplanade, and a dozen cats, enclosed in wicker cages, were burned alive in them, to the amusement of the people. Similarly at Gap, in the department of the Hautes-Alpes, cats used to be roasted over the midsummer bonfire. " [263] According to a myth in many cultures, cats have multiple lives. In many countries, they are believed to have nine lives, but in Italy, Germany, Greece, Brazil and some Spanish-speaking regions, they are said to have seven lives, [264] [265] while in Turkish and Arabic traditions, the number of lives is six. [266] The myth is attributed to the natural suppleness and swiftness cats exhibit to escape life-threatening situations. Also lending credence to this myth is the fact that falling cats often land on their feet, using an instinctive righting reflex to twist their bodies around. Nonetheless, cats can still be injured or killed by a high fall. [267] See also Cats by location Cats in ancient Egypt Cats in Australia Cats in New Zealand Cats in the United States References ↑ 1. 0 1. 1 1. 2 1. 3 1. 4 1. 5 1. 6 Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 47: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value). ↑ 2. 0 2. 1 Linnaeus, Carolus (1766) [1758]. Systema naturae per regna tria naturae: secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latina). 1 (12th ed. ). Holmiae (Laurentii Salvii). p. 62. Retrieved 2 April 2008. ↑ 3. 0 3. 1 3. 2 3. 3 3. 4 3. 5 3. 6 3. 7 Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 47: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value). ↑ "ITIS Standard Report Page: Felis catus domestica". ITIS Online Database. Retrieved 14 December 2011. ↑ "ITIS Standard Report Page: Felis catus". Reston, Virginia: Integrated Taxonomic Information System. 2011. ↑ Housecat. American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language ( online ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. 2010. Archived from the original on 18 July 2011. Retrieved 6 October 2010. ↑ 7. 0 7. 1 Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 47: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value). ↑ Tucker, Abigail (2016). The Lion in the Living Room: How House Cats Tamed Us and Took Over the World. 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"What's the Most Popular Pet? ". LiveScience. Retrieved 15 December 2015. ↑ "Statistics about pets in the UK". 2010 Society for Companion Animal Studies. Retrieved 15 November 2016 ↑ Yamaguchi, N., Kitchener, A., Driscoll, C. & Nussberger, B. 2015. "Felis silvestris (Wildcat, Wild Cat)". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved 2017-03-24. ↑ Francis, Richard C. (2015). Domesticated: Evolution in a Man-Made World. W. Norton. ↑ House Cat Origin Traced to Middle Eastern Wildcat Ancestor Brian Handwerk for National Geographic News, 28 June 2007 ↑ "ITIS Standard Report Page: Felis". ↑ Stefoff, Rebecca (November 2003). Cats. New York: Benchmark Books. p. 34. ISBN 0-7614-1577-7. ↑ 25. 0 25. 1 25. 2 Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 47: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value). ↑ 26. 0 26. 1 "Opinion 2027". Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature. International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN). 60. 2003. 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"Motor Patterns in Walking". News Physiol. Sci. 14 (4): 168–174. PMID 11390844. ↑ Christensen, Wendy (2004). Outwitting Cats. Globe Pequot. p. 23. ISBN 1-59228-240-7. ↑ Armes, Annetta F. (22 December 1900). "Outline of Cat Lessons". The School Journal. E. L. Kellogg & Co. LXI: 659. Retrieved 12 November 2007. ↑ 65. 0 65. 1 Danforth CH (April 1947). "Heredity of polydactyly in the cat" (PDF). The Journal of Heredity. 38 (4): 107–12. PMID 20242531. ↑ Subcommittee on Dog; Cat Nutrition (2006). Nutrient Requirements of Dogs and Cats. Washington, DC: National Academies Press. p. 292. ISBN 0-309-08628-0. ↑ Kahn, Cynthia M. ; Line, Scott (2007). Hollander, Joseph Lee, ed. The Merck/Merial Manual for Pet Health. Merck. ISBN 0-911910-99-9. ↑ "How do cats sweat? ". Cat Health, com. Retrieved 24 February 2014. ↑ Adams, T. ; Morgan, M. ; Hunter, W. S. ; Holmes, K. R. (1970). "Temperature Regulation of the Unanesthetized Cat During Mild Cold and Severe Heat Stress". 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"Trap-Neuter-Return Effectively Stabilizes and Reduces Feral Cat Populations: Trap-Neuter-Return Humanely Stabilized and Reduced in Size the Merrimack River Colony", Alley Cat Allies, accessed 18 August 2014; an earlier article in the LA Times was written when Zorro was the last remaining living cat: "Advocates report success with trap, neuter, return approach to stray cats", Los Angeles Times, 29 September 2009. ↑ The last cat in a managed colony in Washington, D. died at age 17. "Trap-Neuter-Return Effectively Stabilizes and Reduces Feral Cat Populations: Washington, D. Cat Colony Stabilized and Eventually Reduced to Zero", Alley Cat Allies, accessed 18 August 2014. ↑ Huston, Lorie (17 December 2012). "Veterinary Care for Your New Cat". petMD. Retrieved 31 January 2017. ↑ 116. 0 116. 1 116. 2 116. 3 116. 4 116. 5 "Toxic to Cats".. This tertiary source reuses information from other sources but does not name them. ↑ Rowland, J. (1987). 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Cat Behavior: The Predatory and Social Behavior of Domestic and Wild Cats. New York: Garland STPM Pr. ISBN 978-0-8240-7017-5. ↑ Desmond, Morris (1986). Catwatching: Why Cats Purr and Everything Else You Ever Wanted to Know. Crown Publishing. [ clarification needed] ↑ "Why Do Cats Bring Home Dead Animals - Cats Dead Mice".. ↑ Kienzle, E. (1994). "Blood Sugar Levels and Renal Sugar Excretion after the Intake of High Carbohydrate Diets in Cats" (PDF). 124 (12 Supplement): 2563S–2567S. PMID 7996238. ↑ "Pica: The Un-finicky Feline – Chewing or Eating Cords, Fabric, Houseplants, Etc". University of California School of Veterinary Medicine. Retrieved 6 September 2009. This tertiary source reuses information from other sources but does not name them. ↑ "Scientists catch a feral cat killing a large mammal on camera 'for the first time ' ". ABC News. ↑ Wade, Nicholas (11 November 2010). "For Cats, a Big Gulp With a Touch of the Tongue". Retrieved 12 November 2010. ↑ Byers, John A. ; Bekoff, Marc (1998). Animal Play: Evolutionary, Comparative, and Ecological Perspectives. p. 135. ISBN 0-521-58656-9. ↑ "Fat Indoor Cats Need Exercise". Pocono Record. 10 December 2006. This tertiary source reuses information from other sources but does not name them. ↑ " Laser Standards and Classifications " ↑ " A Review of illegal laser pointers on " ↑ " Cats can get frustrated from lasers " ↑ 187. 0 187. 1 187. 2 187. 3 187. 4 "Prolific Cats: The Estrous Cycle" (PDF). Veterinary Learning Systems. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 December 2016. Retrieved 19 June 2009. ↑ William F Swanson; Terri L Roth; David E. Wilt. "In Vivo Embryogenesis, Embryo Migration and Embryonic Mortality in the Domestic Cat" (PDF). Biology of Reproduction. ↑ "Cat Development – Embryology". 6 June 2013. Retrieved 22 September 2013. ↑ Tsutsui, T. ; Stabenfeldt, G. H. (1993). "Biology of Ovarian Cycles, Pregnancy and pseudopregnancy in the Domestic Cat". J. Reprod. Fertil. Suppl. 47: 29–35. PMID 8229938. ↑ Behrend, Katrin; Wegler, Monika (1991). The Complete Book of Cat Care: How to Raise a Happy and Healthy Cat. translated from German by Elizabeth D. Crawford. Hauppauge, NY: Barron's Educational Series, Inc. p. 28. ISBN 0-8120-4613-7. ↑ Olson, P. N. ; Kustritz, M. ; Johnston, S. D. (2001). "Early-age Neutering of Dogs and Cats in the United States (A Review)". 57: 223–232. PMID 11787153. ↑ Randerson, James (6 January 2006). "From Lion to Moggie: How Cats Climbed their Family Tree". The Guardian. London. ↑ "Ecology of Felis catus ". Global Invasive Species Database. Invasive Species Specialist Group. 2006. Retrieved 31 August 2009. ↑ 201. 0 201. 1 Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 47: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value). ↑ "100 of the World's Worst Invasive Alien Species: A Selection from the Global Invasive Species Database" (PDF). The Invasive Species Specialist Group. 2000. 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External links Listen to this article (3 parts) · (info) This audio file was created from a revision of the " Cat " article dated 2007-05-13, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. ( Audio help).
SOOOOOO CUTEEEE. Did you find this in your recommended in 2020. Cats 2019. 
My parents said that if I wanted to watch Cats I was like no, just no. 
If people are slamming this film, all I can say is that they do not see the skill and artistry that has gone into it. The costumes are amazing, the dancing is great, the characters of the various named cats and the movement of all the cats and creatures is very clever. The music is fabulous as always. Clearly there are just not enough whopping great special effects in this film for some people! I say, really well done to all involved.
I hated the day I had to take my sweet Sable to the vet for the last time. But she knew it was time. She was 17 and had been with me 16 years. She was always scared out of her mind when she had to go to the vet. She would fight me trying to take her out of her carrier. This time, she came right out and leaned up against me. Altho I have another companion now, he didn't take her place in my heart. He's made his own place in my heart. He's very different from the way she was and that's good. That way I don't try to compare them.
Catskill hudson bank.
3:46 When theres no disco people and cats are not aloud to come to the party But someone came.
Girls parents: so what is your major? Michael: meow.
Holy Gemma just confirming some playing away 🤣🤣😭.
TT is so funny when she punches everyone 😂.
Cats vs dogs. Kittysourus:uplouds a new vid Me:runs faster than America, runs when someone says oil uwu But seriously I love these cats ❤️😂😍(I have nothing against America. Almost had a heart attack when I saw them walk out cause that movie traumatized me, but this turned out to be purrifically (sorry) better than anything I saw in that hour and a half disgrace of a movie. Let a Host come back - it seems so choppy without one ❤️. Vacuum: Exists Lulu: N O M. Cats usda research. 1:37 Lulu's even trying to eat the ball omg 😂 Lulu please, not everything is food.
I've got nothing against movie musicals, director Tom Hooper, or even anybody who's a part of making this film. But goodness me, Cats is an absolute monstrosity. Garish, non-sensical, boring and everything in between, it's a pompous and pointless musical that plays out with barely a redeeming feature, proving one of the most unbearable cinema experiences I've had in a very long time.
While I haven't been a big fan of Hooper's work in the past, particularly Les Misérables, Cats pales in comparison to anything the director has made before, failing on all levels in its pathetic attempts to provide even a semblance of fun, magical theatre, and instead staggering along through its repetitive and frankly tedious story on its way to a terrible ending that can't come soon enough.
There's nothing positive I have to say about this movie. Les Misérables, for all its faults, at least had a degree of spectacle, emotion and drama, whereas Cats is little more than an experiment gone wrong: a horrifying Frankenstein's monster that attempts to blend modern cinematic techniques with classic West End storytelling.
First, the visual effects are extremely offputting. Whether it's the uncanny CGI human/cat-like figures, the inconsistent and distracting scaling and sizing issues, or even the plasticky, garish look of the whole film, Cats is a really unpleasant spectacle. And for all of the technical expertise that clearly went into pulling it off, it all feels squandered on a misguided and painfully showy movie.
Next, Hooper's directing is jagged and meandering throughout. While the screenplay is hardly a work of art, Cats lacks even the slightest bit of show-stopping stage energy, symptomatic of direction that leaves the film wandering aimlessly right the way through.
Hooper's visual style is uninspiring and unimaginative, the musical and dance numbers are repetitive and dull, and even the biggest, best dramatic set-pieces are completely missing any sort of real presence, instead just fading into the movie's jarringly inconsistent structure.
The pacing is a massive problem throughout, as the film shirks the need for even a basic three-act structure in exchange for a horribly repetitive yet still inconsistent layout. Basically, for two hours, it goes like this: Dialogue, mini song, big musical number. Dialogue, mini song, big musical number. And repeat. Again and again and again.
In that, Cats proves so boring, so predictable, and clearly so without life that it's happy to just sit and move you from one musical number to the next. A great movie musical should organically blend song and dialogue, with each complementing the other with the goal of developing the story wherever possible.
Cats is so aimless and repetitive, that the pathetic excuse for a story barely seems to move at any point. Instead, it's just a vehicle for big West End musical numbers on the big screen, all built up to in jarring fashion that makes each song more awkward than the last.
That story, too, is almost unbearable throughout. I won't pass judgment on the original stage show, but in the case of this film, the plot is non-sensical, the characters uninteresting, the screenplay unfocused, and the emotion painfully superficial.
A little bit of fantasy is fine by me, but when a film is constantly repeating its fantasy mumbo-jumbo about cats being sent to heaven or something or other, it gives no incentive to keep watching, worsened by a total lack of character focus or even a consistent main lead.
Francesca Hayward plays the young, new cat to join the tribe, so you'd think that she would be the main focus for the story. However, the movie is so distracted by trying to cram in as many A-listers and side characters as possible that the whole thing feels like an endless meet-and-greet, still introducing new characters deep into the latter stages, and not even giving a second to let Hayward's cat take centre stage.
There's no story because it barely gets going. For what feels like an hour and a half, the film jumps between random characters' introductory musical numbers, and then, remembering it has to wrap things up in a two-hour window, abruptly shifts to tying up loose ends that were never really established in the first place.
As a result, despite the immense acting talent on display, none of the characters are memorable, and none play even a leading role for you to connect with at any point. Alongside Hayward, there's Robbie Fairchild and Laurie Davidson, both of whom seem to be on screen enough to warrant a leading role, but neither even gets the slightest bit of attention from the screenplay.
So, whenever their characters take any sort of role in the main plot, it comes across as sudden and out of left-field, a problem only caused because the movie spends so much time trying to entertain you with A-listers dressed as CGI cats. But even for all the Taylor Swift cameos in the world, it's surely not worth steamrolling simple character and narrative development.
In short, Cats is an absolute atrocity. From a director with an already wobbly track record in the musical genre, this film is an utter disaster, failing to capture any sense of spectacle or fun, and instead meandering and wandering through a non-sensical, boring and predictable story that's seemingly used mostly as a platform for some big West End musical numbers and A-list cameos.
There's nothing good to say about Cats, and unless you really want two hours of pain at the cinema, I suggest you stay as clear as possible.
Amazing! I so love you. Cat's meow. Now this is singing. The new Cats movie is horrendous. I had to come here to get my eardrums back to beautiful. Cats meowing. My dad, who never watches movies (the only ones he seen in the last few years without me were Jumanji 2 and Greatest Showman), just watched this trailer when I showed him and he immediately wanted to go see it. I think this could be big. 0:37 - That's the Oh Long John cat. 1:45 what the hell are you doing🤨 😂😂. 🐱🐱🐱🐱♥️♥️♥️♥️♥️♥️♥️♥️. 0:33 Me when someone comes in front of me and I don't know which way to go 😁. Cats taylor swift. Rhdidlzzzzzzzzzzzzzㅋㅋㅋㅋㅋㅋㅋㅋㅋㅋㅋㅋㅋㅋㅋ.
Cats like. Cats game. 73% of this scene is either about Lulu tryin to get his treats or eating it 😆. Cats trailer. THIS IS THE MOST CUTEST THING IVE EVER SEEN :3. This review makes me want to see this movie, just to see if its as bad as he says. 요즘 우울한데 유일하게 웃음주는 루루 ㅠㅠ. Quiz Truth About Fleas and Ticks Why they're so hard to get rid of, and how to protect your cat. Cats are so funny. Cats review. Cats full movie.
HUMANS AND ANIMALS TOGETHER WILL MAKE THIS WORLD A BETTER PLACE TO LIVE IN
That ending part was so sad. The last moment priceless. Poor doggy. I love cat and it's funniest ways of wanting to eat lol especially the shower clip 😂😂. Cats pictures. Cats eyes. Level 1 You either die a Broadway play, or live long enough to be adapted into a box-office flop. level 2 If wicked is as bad as cats I will cry level 2 Goddam I hope this comes to Netflix or something. I want to witness this trainwreck without paying for it. level 2 I liked Into The Woods and Les Mis. level 2 RENT (2005) has entered the chat level 2 Sweeney Todd made triple its reported budget in theaters. I know an outlier but still. level 2 Chicago (2002) grossed more than 6 times its production cost. It cost $45 million and grossed $306, 776, 732. level 2 Jesus Christ Superstar is awesome and I don't care what anyone says level 2 You either die a Broadway play, or live long enough to be adapted into a box-office flop Spider-Man did pretty well at the box office level 2 Is everyone forgetting Hairspray, Chicago, Grease, Sweeney Todd, and The Sound of Music? level 1 And with that, This film underperformed its $95 million budget. level 2 Maybe it will become a cult classic when it comes out on VHS. level 2 I for one, am shocked, dazed, AND confused.
Har wow meow. Cats read. Big Billy: im aliveeee and my heart will go ooon and ooon People. ignoring Big Billy * Big Billy whatever.
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ٱيا لي يبغي شاب كادر صاحبي يدير ابوني. Pourquoi dark souls. niqué du 1er coup level 70. Beaucoup d émotions cette chanson de Michel Sardou qui me rappelle mon Père 🙏🙏🙏🙏. Lamou pa gen pri, mem sil fe moun soufri. Speechless. 3. Twachitni amin walh la hadi tih alya 💔💔💔💔💔💔💔 Fe makla darouli li mshooor yahs baya d3woli kouti 😢😢. Un des plus beaux films qui puissent exister. 2017❤️🙏🏽. French Norman, merci pour tout ce que vous avez fait pour la vie publique au Canada. more_vert Norman, thank you for everything you have done for public life in Canada. French Une fois encore, félicitations et merci pour tout, Monsieur le Président. Congratulations once again, and thank you for everything, Mr. President. French Merci pour tout votre travail, Monsieur le Commissaire, et espérons que cela continue. Thank you for all the work you did, Commissioner, and may it continue. French Merci pour tout ce que vous et la Présidence suédoise avez fait durant ces six mois. Thank you for everything you and the Swedish Presidency have been doing during these six months. French Merci pour tout ce que vous faites quotidiennement pour votre pays. Thank you for what you are doing every day for your country. Hon. French (ES) Merci pour tout, et je vous souhaite bonne chance dans l'accomplissement de vos nouvelles missions. (ES) Thank you for everything, and I wish you good luck in performing your new tasks. French Je suis arrivé en retard et j’ai dépassé mon temps de parole, alors merci pour tout, Monsieur le Président. I arrived late and I have spoken for too long, so thank you, Mr President, for everything. French Merci pour tout le travail que vous avez accompli en notre nom. Thank you for all the work you have done on our behalf. French Léonce, merci pour tout ce que vous avez fait pour le pays. Léonce, thank you for all you have done for the country. French Sénateur Bolduc, merci pour tout, ne nous oubliez pas. Senator Bolduc, thank you for everything. Do not forget us. French Merci pour tout ce que vous avez fait pour notre pays. Thank you for all that you have done for our country. French Merci pour tout ce que nous pouvons faire ensemble. Thank you all very much for all we can do together. French Un grand merci pour tout cela. I would like to express my gratitude in this connection. French Mes chers collègues, merci pour tout. Ladies and gentlemen, thank you for everything. French merci pour tout le mal que tu t'es donné thank you for all the work you've put in French Merci pour tout, sénateur Hays. Thank you for everything, Senator Hays. French Merci pour tout, cher ami. Thank you for everything, my dear friend. French Merci pour tout le travail accompli. French Merci pour tout ce que vous faites. French OK, merci pour tout, Monsieur...